Impacts of peer tutoring on academic performance
Published Apr 04, 2022 · Updated Feb 28, 2026
Peer tutoring can be a practical way to support students who start to struggle, but it is not always clear whether it improves grades and retention. Kim et al. (2021) explored this question with first-year nursing students at Texas State University (for a broader view of what support helps nursing students succeed), highlighting the costs of failure and withdrawal for students, the university and the healthcare system that depends on sufficient numbers of newly qualified practitioners.
One recognised method of improving academic success and student retention is peer tutoring. This form of tutoring can support the integration of students into a profession, promote knowledge and skills acquisition, and help build confidence with course material. It can also promote a helpful atmosphere of collaboration within the student body (Irvine et al., 2018; Jeffreys, 2015). Tutoring may take the form of ‘peer-to-peer’ teaching, in which students from the same class act as tutors, or ‘near-peer’ teaching, where students in the year above provide tuition (see how peer mentoring complements formal tutoring).
To explore the impact of peer tutoring on nursing students at Texas State University, Kim et al. (2021) selected the graduating class of 2020. These students were offered a peer-tutoring program for three core courses across three semesters in their first year. The tutoring program provided one-on-one help for any student who felt they needed academic support. The main objectives of the tutoring program were:
- To help students meet their academic requirements.
- To generally assist students in succeeding within the baccalaureate program.
- To encourage participants to develop critical thinking, self-confidence and self-direction.
- To give students multiple opportunities to access tutoring.
Student tutors were selected from both the same class as the tutoring program attendees (‘peer-to-peer’ tutors) and from the year above (‘near-peer’ tutors). They were chosen based on a range of criteria including interpersonal skills and knowledge of course content. Tutors received $10 per hour for their work. They were also given two hours of training in advance of starting and provided with ongoing support from faculty as needed throughout the semester.
The authors sought to compare the rates of failure and final exam results between students with and without access to peer tutoring. To do this, the graduating class of 2018 were chosen as a historical comparison group. The investigators also aimed to gain a greater understanding of student perceptions of peer tutoring, from both the perspective of the tutors and the attendees.
The study reported several noteworthy findings:
- When compared to the historical class of 2018 (who had no peer tutoring access), the class of 2020 had a significantly reduced course failure rate.
- Students who used the tutoring program had achieved lower exam scores early in each semester. However, between the start and end of each semester, those same students achieved significant grade improvements. In comparison, students who did not use the program saw no significant change in their grades.
- Attendees of two or more tutoring sessions saw an average increase of 4.9% in their grade.
- Over 90% of attendees found the tutoring session helpful and reported an improvement in their understanding of key concepts. Over 75% reported it enabled them to study independently and aided their skills in critical thinking and problem-solving.
- Student tutors also recognised value in the program from their own perspective. All reported an increase in their critical thinking skills and expected the experience to be valuable to them in their future nursing careers.
Two practical takeaways stand out. Tutoring appeared to help most for students who started a semester behind, and attending more than one session mattered.
This study effectively demonstrated the benefits of introducing a simple peer-to-peer tutoring program in university courses. The authors concluded that, considering the benefits observed over the course of the study, the $3,600 cost of employing student tutors was justified. Such tutoring programs may offer a much-needed lifeline to those students who struggle most, while also providing additional support to those who are motivated to improve their academic performance. It may also aid educators and universities in producing confident and capable graduates and professionals.
FAQ
Q: How does student feedback influence the design and improvement of academic support programs?
A: Student feedback plays a crucial role in shaping the design and ongoing improvement of academic support programs. By listening to student voices (see what student voice means in higher education), educators and program designers can gain valuable insights into what students find helpful or challenging. This feedback allows for adjustments that better align with student needs and preferences. For instance, if students express that they prefer more interactive tutoring sessions over traditional lecture-based ones, the program can evolve to include more discussion and practice. Incorporating student voice helps ensure that support remains relevant and effective in helping students succeed.
Q: What common barriers do students encounter when accessing academic support services, and how can institutions address these challenges?
A: Students often face several barriers when trying to access academic support services, including lack of awareness, feelings of stigma or embarrassment, and scheduling conflicts. Institutions can address these challenges by increasing visibility through communication channels such as social media, student portals, and orientation sessions. To tackle stigma, creating a culture that normalises seeking help as part of the learning process is essential. Offering flexible scheduling options and online support can help mitigate issues related to time constraints. By addressing these barriers, institutions can make support services more accessible and encourage more students to take advantage of them.
Q: How can text analysis be utilised to enhance our understanding of student experiences and outcomes in educational settings?
A: Text analysis can be a powerful tool for extracting deeper insights from the vast amounts of text data generated in educational settings, such as student feedback, forum discussions, and reflective writings. By applying text analysis techniques (see the student feedback analysis glossary for key terms), educators and researchers can identify patterns, themes, and sentiment that may not be immediately evident. This can reveal areas where students feel supported and pinpoint aspects of programs that need improvement. For example, text analysis could uncover that students highly value the empathy and clarity shown by tutors, suggesting these are critical factors to emphasise in training programs. Using text analysis to understand student voice can lead to more nuanced and effective enhancements to educational programs and strategies.
References
[Source] Kim, S.C., Jillapali, R., Boyd, S., 2021. Impacts of peer tutoring on academic performance of first-year baccalaureate nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ. Today 96, 1-6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104658
[1] Irvine, S., Williams, B., McKenna, L., 2018. Near-peer teaching in undergraduate nurse education: an integrative review. Nurse Educ. Today 70, 60–68.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.08.009
[2] Jeffreys, M.R., 2015. Jeffreys’s nursing universal retention and success model: overview and action ideas for optimizing outcomes A-Z. Nurse Educ. Today 35 (3), 425–431.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2014.11.004
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